{"id":2229,"date":"2023-05-30T15:45:30","date_gmt":"2023-05-30T03:45:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/?p=2229"},"modified":"2023-10-27T05:50:06","modified_gmt":"2023-10-26T16:50:06","slug":"what-is-deep-ecology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/en\/2023\/what-is-deep-ecology\/","title":{"rendered":"What is deep ecology?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2229\" class=\"elementor elementor-2229\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2abc0df1 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2abc0df1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-432f9ef5\" data-id=\"432f9ef5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3c88b9b\" data-id=\"3c88b9b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bac608c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bac608c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/en\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"593\" height=\"130\" src=\"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/plurality-site-header.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-321\" alt=\"Plurality logo\" srcset=\"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/plurality-site-header.png 593w, https:\/\/plurality.eco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/plurality-site-header-300x66.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6de3777\" data-id=\"6de3777\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-772d3520 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"772d3520\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/plurality.raisely.com\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Donate<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b3aaadd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b3aaadd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">to support independent and \nad-free ecological thinking<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74d60542 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74d60542\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-264c82fb\" data-id=\"264c82fb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4b5642a1\" data-id=\"4b5642a1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2994a612 hfe-submenu-icon-arrow hfe-submenu-animation-none hfe-link-redirect-child hfe-nav-menu__breakpoint-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-navigation-menu\" data-id=\"2994a612\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;padding_horizontal_menu_item&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_menu_item&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:11,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_space_between&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:46,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_row_space&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_horizontal_menu_item_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_horizontal_menu_item_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_menu_item_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_menu_item_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_space_between_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_space_between_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_row_space_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_row_space_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dropdown_border_radius&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;dropdown_border_radius_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;dropdown_border_radius_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;width_dropdown_item&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;220&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;width_dropdown_item_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;width_dropdown_item_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_horizontal_dropdown_item&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_horizontal_dropdown_item_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_horizontal_dropdown_item_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_dropdown_item&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:15,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_dropdown_item_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_dropdown_item_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;distance_from_menu&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;distance_from_menu_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;distance_from_menu_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_size&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_size_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_size_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_width&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_width_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_width_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_radius&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_radius_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_radius_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"navigation-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hfe-nav-menu hfe-layout-horizontal hfe-nav-menu-layout horizontal hfe-pointer__none\" data-layout=\"horizontal\">\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"button\" class=\"hfe-nav-menu__toggle elementor-clickable\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Menu Toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Menu<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hfe-nav-menu-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\"  class=\"fas fa-align-justify\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"hfe-nav-menu__layout-horizontal hfe-nav-menu__submenu-arrow\" data-toggle-icon=\"&lt;i aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;fas fa-align-justify&quot;&gt;&lt;\/i&gt;\" data-close-icon=\"&lt;i aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;far fa-window-close&quot;&gt;&lt;\/i&gt;\" data-full-width=\"yes\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-1-2994a612\" class=\"hfe-nav-menu\"><li id=\"menu-item-263\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category parent hfe-creative-menu\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/en\/category\/ecology\/\" class = \"hfe-menu-item\">Ecology<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-266\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category parent hfe-creative-menu\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/en\/category\/politics\/\" class = \"hfe-menu-item\">Politics<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-265\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category parent hfe-creative-menu\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/en\/category\/ideas\/\" class = \"hfe-menu-item\">Ideas<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-267\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category parent hfe-creative-menu\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/en\/category\/stories\/\" class = \"hfe-menu-item\">Stories<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-264\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category parent hfe-creative-menu\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/en\/category\/food\/\" class = \"hfe-menu-item\">Food<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul> \n\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fec321b\" data-id=\"6fec321b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2341ff27 hfe-nav-menu__align-right hfe-submenu-icon-arrow hfe-submenu-animation-none hfe-link-redirect-child hfe-nav-menu__breakpoint-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-navigation-menu\" data-id=\"2341ff27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;padding_horizontal_menu_item&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_menu_item&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:11,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_space_between&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:46,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_row_space&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_horizontal_menu_item_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_horizontal_menu_item_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_menu_item_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_menu_item_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_space_between_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_space_between_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_row_space_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_row_space_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dropdown_border_radius&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;dropdown_border_radius_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;dropdown_border_radius_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;width_dropdown_item&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;220&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;width_dropdown_item_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;width_dropdown_item_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_horizontal_dropdown_item&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_horizontal_dropdown_item_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_horizontal_dropdown_item_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_dropdown_item&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:15,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_dropdown_item_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_dropdown_item_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;distance_from_menu&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;distance_from_menu_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;distance_from_menu_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_size&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_size_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_size_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_width&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_width_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_width_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_radius&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_radius_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_radius_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"navigation-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hfe-nav-menu hfe-layout-horizontal hfe-nav-menu-layout horizontal hfe-pointer__none\" data-layout=\"horizontal\">\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"button\" class=\"hfe-nav-menu__toggle elementor-clickable\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Menu Toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Menu<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hfe-nav-menu-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\"  class=\"fas fa-align-justify\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"hfe-nav-menu__layout-horizontal hfe-nav-menu__submenu-arrow\" data-toggle-icon=\"&lt;i aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;fas fa-align-justify&quot;&gt;&lt;\/i&gt;\" data-close-icon=\"&lt;i aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;far fa-window-close&quot;&gt;&lt;\/i&gt;\" data-full-width=\"yes\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-1-2341ff27\" class=\"hfe-nav-menu\"><li id=\"menu-item-2643\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page parent hfe-creative-menu\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/en\/eco-coaching\/\" class = \"hfe-menu-item\">Eco-coaching<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-610\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page parent hfe-creative-menu\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/en\/about\/\" class = \"hfe-menu-item\">About<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul> \n\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5883887a\" data-id=\"5883887a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-44fbcd3f 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class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">author<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b6b669 elementor-widget elementor-widget-tf-author-box\" data-id=\"0b6b669\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tf-author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"tf-author-box-0b6b669\" class=\"tf-author-box\" data-tabid=\"0b6b669\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"author-box\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"author-box-avatar\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/wp-content\/uploads\/ultimatemember\/2\/profile_photo-190x190.jpg?1784848772\" class=\"gravatar avatar avatar-300 um-avatar um-avatar-uploaded\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" alt=\"Jacques Lawinski\" data-default=\"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/wp-content\/plugins\/ultimate-member\/assets\/img\/default_avatar.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"author-box-text\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"author-box-name\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJacques Lawinski\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"author-box-bio\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhD candidate in philosophy and ecology at Universit\u00e9 Paris VIII, visiting researcher in Lesvos, Greece. A writer, an activist, and an avid walker, I explore the planet and what it means to relate to nature, finding new, ecological ways of being.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cc7a42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5cc7a42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">post<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44ded5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-tfposts-info\" data-id=\"44ded5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tfposts-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"tf-post-info-44ded5c\" class=\"tf-post-info layout-list\" data-tabid=\"44ded5c\"> 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1.834-.863l3.32-15.638c.338-1.363-.52-1.98-1.41-1.577z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"heateorSssClear\"><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66a1735\" data-id=\"66a1735\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5320e12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-tfposts-title\" data-id=\"5320e12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tfposts-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"tf-post-title-5320e12\" class=\"tf-post-title\" data-tabid=\"5320e12\"> \r\n                <h1 class=\"post-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/en\/2023\/what-is-deep-ecology\/\">What is deep ecology?<\/a><\/h1>\r\n            <\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a7d92d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a7d92d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perspectives in political ecology series<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e322a5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e322a5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The aim of this series of articles is to delve into the different perspectives in political ecology. It is absolutely not the case that there is only one way to address climate change. There are, in fact, many! More technology, carbon removal, and business as usual is but one way of confronting the crisis, and this approach misses the mark in so many ways. Read on to discover what deep ecology is, who its founders were, and whether we see many deep ecology movements amongst climate activists today.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f23c8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-tfposts-image\" data-id=\"4f23c8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tfposts-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"tf-post-featured-image-4f23c8e\" class=\"tf-post-featured-image\" data-tabid=\"4f23c8e\"> \r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"post-featured-image\">\r\n                \t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/deepecology1.jpg\" alt=\"image\">\r\n                <div>\r\n            <\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c028bbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c028bbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The basic definition<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e4f296 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e4f296\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The term deep ecology was coined by Arne Naess in 1973, with his article, <a href=\"https:\/\/openairphilosophy.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/OAP_Naess_Shallow_and_the_Deep.pdf\">\u201cThe Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement. A summary.\u201d<\/a> Naess sought to point out the difference between certain ecological movements which viewed problems in silos, and believed that each could be treated with technical fixes and economic policies; and those which sought deeper systemic or structural change in spiritual and social systems.<\/p><p>Shallow ecology, therefore, is a particular approach to the ecological crisis which identifies particular problems, and proposes technological or instrumental solutions to these problems. For example, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a problem, and we can solve this through carbon capture technologies which will be developed to take the carbon out. We don\u2019t look at the production systems that cause this carbon dioxide to be in the atmosphere, or the other, related problems. Many of the environmental policies that we see today from governments across the world take a shallow ecology approach to the crisis: we can keep going, and keep growing, we just need small modifications to stop the worst parts of our production and consumption.<\/p><p>Deep ecology, on the other hand, does take all these problems as being interconnected in one large web. For Naess, deep ecology also comes with certain commitments relating to the order and structure of beings in the world, and a certain ethical view, too.<\/p><p>The two main traits of deep ecology are the following:<\/p><ul><li><strong>A belief in the fundamental importance of self-realisation.<\/strong> This means that each human should be able to set and achieve their goals and develop themselves as they see fit in any society. Deep ecology extends this to include all living beings, too. Therefore, all bears, birds, fish, snakes, spiders, wasps and more, should be able to flourish on earth, all at the same time as humans are.<\/li><li><strong>The belief that human beings are not at the centre of the universe<\/strong> (a rejection of anthropocentrism). Ecocentrism is the position that all forms of life are important because they are alive on this planet, and this gives them the rights to live in ways that allow them to flourish. All life forms, and a diversity of life forms, are valuable in their own right. This means that human beings are no longer the masters of nature, the possessors of nature, nor do they have any divine or supreme right to the use of natural resources. The idea that human beings are at the top of the evolutionary pyramid is arbitrary, and this view poses that there is a web, a net, or a fabric of relations, in which the human being is just one part.<\/li><\/ul><p>Deep ecology says that the reason that we are going wrong is because we have badly evaluated the place that we as human beings occupy in nature. If we are to confront the challenges we face, we have to re-evaluate this, and change our perspective on who we are as human beings in, and with, nature.<\/p><p>Furthermore, Naess posits that a view of cooperation, rather than competition, should be had towards species in nature. He writes, \u201clive and let live is much better than Either you or me.\u201d He also notes that nature, and ecological systems, are complex, but not complicated. This implies a division of labour, not a fragmentation of labour in the way beings work together. Finally, Naess advocates for decentralisation and localisation, so that structures can be developed that reflect the local landscape and ecology in which the human beings live.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37ec6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d37ec6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The leading theoreticians of deep ecology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7583419 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7583419\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Already mentioned is <b>Arne Naess<\/b> (1912-2009), who was a Norwegian philosopher and writer on environmental issues. He was the youngest person to be appointed full professor at the University of Oslo in 1939, and was the only philosophy professor in the country at the time. He also was a prolific mountaineer, and engaged in several protest actions throughout his life to prevent the destruction of the environment.<\/p><p>Naess created an 8-point platform upon which a deep ecology movement could be founded, with fellow American environmentalist George Sessions, in 1984. These eight points are:<\/p><ol><li>The well-being and flourishing of human and nonhuman life on Earth have value in themselves\u2026. These values are independent of the usefulness of the nonhuman world for human purposes.<\/li><li>Richness and diversity\u2026contribute to the realization of these values and are also values in themselves.<\/li><li>Humans have no right to reduce this richness and\u00a0diversity\u00a0except to satisfy vital needs.<\/li><li>Present human interference with the nonhuman world is excessive, and the situation is rapidly worsening.<\/li><li>The flourishing of human life and\u00a0cultures\u00a0is compatible with a substantial decrease of the human population. The flourishing of nonhuman life requires such a decrease.<\/li><li>Policies must therefore be changed\u2026[to] affect basic economic, technological, and ideological structures.\u2026<\/li><li>The ideological change is mainly that of appreciating life quality\u2026rather than adhering to an increasingly higher standard of living.\u2026<\/li><li>Those who subscribe to the foregoing points have an obligation directly or indirectly to participate in the attempt to\u00a0implement\u00a0the necessary changes.<\/li><\/ol><p><b>Warwick Fox<\/b> (b. 1954), an Australian-British environmentalist and Professor at the University of Lancashire in the UK, is another key thinker in developing the deep ecology movement from the ethical point of view. For a decade beginning in 1984, he worked to primarily on deep ecology, before shifting away from this to consider environmental ethics more globally. \u201cToward a Transpersonal Ecology: Developing New Foundations for Environmentalism\u201d is his main work on deep ecology, where he writes that deep ecology has three main ideas:<\/p><ol><li>The development of a non-anthropocentric or ecocentric worldview,<\/li><li>The idea that we should ask deep questions about our relationship with the natural world, and what this means, and<\/li><li>The importance of cultivating a wider relationship with different forms of life around us.<\/li><\/ol><p><b>Aldo Leopold<\/b> (1887-1948) was another key thinker, or source of inspiration for the deep ecology movement. He is often not cited as a deep ecologist, because of some key differences in his thinking, despite their belonging to deep ecology at first glance. He was one of the \u2018fathers\u2019 of the ecological consciousness in the United States, as well as the environmental ethics movements.<\/p><p>Leopold believed that instead of each individual being able to realise his or her own goals in life, the community or group was more important. The community was prioritised over the individual, and should be so in our thinking and policy decisions regarding our relationship to nature.<\/p><p>Leopold also fought for the idea that we do not only have rights to certain resources, but also responsibilities towards nature. He believed that we shouldn\u2019t be giving people money to fulfill their responsibilities towards the natural world; rather, their mere existence on this planet meant that they have the duty to fulfill these obligations.<\/p><p>Central to the thinking of all these people is an idea of egalitarianism amongst all living beings. Human beings cease to be the master species on earth, and instead, all forms of life have equal value and importance on earth. Likewise, they all encourage us to reflect on our relationship with nature, and propose that we should relate more to nature, sometimes in a spiritual way, other times in a metaphorical way.<\/p><p>Earth First, founded by David Foreman (1946-2022) and some of his friends in the southwestern United States, is perhaps the most radical example of a deep ecology movement. Their widely referenced belief was that human beings are parasites on the planet, and should be placed last, rather than first, in the hierarchy of species. This anti-human thinking was too much for many humans who believe in the human race at least to some degree. These radical ecologists refuse to go to commissions or talk to politicians, instead preferring eco-terrorism, protests, blockages, and other radical means to stop environmental destruction. There are now chapters of Earth First in many countries across the globe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8b6b55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d8b6b55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"450\" height=\"462\" src=\"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Earth_First__Rou_4a68ca910fa06.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2233\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Earth_First__Rou_4a68ca910fa06.jpg 450w, https:\/\/plurality.eco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Earth_First__Rou_4a68ca910fa06-292x300.jpg 292w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Image: the Earth First! logo.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d36e18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0d36e18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">You're reading an article on Plurality.eco, a site dedicated to understanding the ecological crisis. 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You can unsubscribe at any time.\r\n<\/p>\r\n    <input type=\"submit\" id=\"invisible\" class=\"sib-default-btn\" value=\"Subscribe\">\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"trp-form-language\" value=\"en\"\/><\/form>\n\t\t\t<style>\n\t\t\t\tform#sib_signup_form_2 { padding: 5px; -moz-box-sizing:border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } form#sib_signup_form_2 input[type=text],form#sib_signup_form_2 input[type=email], form#sib_signup_form_2 select { width: 100%; border: 1px solid #bbb; height: auto; margin: 5px 0 0 0; } form#sib_signup_form_2 .sib-default-btn { margin: 5px 0; padding: 20px 40px; color:#fff; background-color: #007132; border-color: #2E2E2E; font-size: 14px; font-weight:400; line-height: 1.4285; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; align: center; -webkit-user-select:none; -moz-user-select:none; -ms-user-select:none; user-select:none; white-space: normal; border:1px solid transparent; border-radius: 3px; } form#sib_signup_form_2 .sib-default-btn:hover { background-color: #007132; } form#sib_signup_form_2 p{ margin: 10px 0 0 0; }form#sib_signup_form_2 p.sib-alert-message {\n    padding: 6px 12px;\n    margin-bottom: 20px;\n    border: 1px solid transparent;\n    border-radius: 4px;\n    -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;\n    -moz-box-sizing: border-box;\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n}\nform#sib_signup_form_2 p.sib-alert-message-error {\n    background-color: #f2dede;\n    border-color: #ebccd1;\n    color: #a94442;\n}\nform#sib_signup_form_2 p.sib-alert-message-success {\n    background-color: #dff0d8;\n    border-color: #d6e9c6;\n    color: #3c763d;\n}\nform#sib_signup_form_2 p.sib-alert-message-warning {\n    background-color: #fcf8e3;\n    border-color: #faebcc;\n    color: #8a6d3b;\n}\n\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21eedd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"21eedd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Critiques of the deep ecology movement<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6220fa6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6220fa6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>On a theoretical level, one of the main problems with deep ecology is that we always end up back in an anthropocentric worldview, no matter how hard we try.<\/p><p>Take for example, the belief that all life has value on earth, and all species are intrinsically important. This idea of value requires an evaluator \u2013 someone or thing who can decide what has value on Earth and what does not. This evaluator could only be a human being, because value is a human concept. Despite all life being equally important, there is still one species who is deciding this fact and enacting its consequences.<\/p><p>Furthermore, deep ecology is often charged with being anti-humanist, or worse, anti-human. Humanism is the view that the human being is at the centre of thought in the world, and values the development of human qualities, the love of humanity, the fight against oppression, and more. Humanism constructs a vision of the ideal human, and, by definition, this human is not-nature. Humanism implies anthropocentrism, one of the main things that deep ecology seeks to challenge. Therefore, many deep ecologists are do not mind being anti-humanist, because it is this very thinking, they believe, that has caused the problems in the first place.<\/p><p>Deep-ecology is also sometimes referred to as being fascist, which is a mistaken view, but does have some truth to it. Critiques often talk about the fact that the Nazis in Germany liked writing about nature, and fantasised about their relationship with nature, and therefore that the deep ecology movement is somehow related to National Socialism in Germany. This is incorrect. However, what deep ecology could lead to is a form of ecological totalitarianism, whereby the efficiency of the ecosystem, or the rights of all beings, are taken administratively to be the highest goal, with other things such as human needs, or culture, becoming unimportant to a particular politician. This is not inherent to the deep ecology view; rather a possible manifestation of deep ecology that should be avoided. Arne Naess is rather anti-fascist and anti-totalitarian: he asks that each human being search for the meaning of their own life, and that the possibilities be afforded to them to be able to do so.<\/p><p>Deep ecologists also sometimes discuss the problem of population and the overconsumption of resources. Each year, human beings consume more and more resources, at a faster rate, and therefore consume more than one planet\u2019s worth of resources per year to meet their supposed needs. Deep ecologists like Naess as well as other ecologists such as James Lovelock (the Gaia theorist) have supported a reduction of the human population. The optimal human population, according to them, sits somewhere between 100 million and 500 million. The problem with this, however, is that there is no ethical or morally justifiable way of reducing the human population without imposing some kind of rule on who can, and who cannot, have children.<\/p><p>Finally, the deep ecology perspective is often situated in religious or ideological contexts. People such as American Joanna Macey mix Buddhism and deep ecology to advocate for a return to nature and the natural world. There is something spiritual about the deep ecology movement, and the changing relationship that this movement advocates between humans and nature often forces us to think in spiritual or somewhat imaginary ways. For some, this approach works and is necessary; for others more scientistic in nature, this is another criticism of deep ecology.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07d1cc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"07d1cc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In summary<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa9b268 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa9b268\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The deep ecology perspective, and the movement that accompanies it, seeks to challenge the position of the human being in nature. Instead of being on top of the hierarchy, or standing outside of nature, human beings are embedded in the natural fabric that makes up nature, and are but one species in this fabric. Rights to resources are to be accorded to all living beings, and not just to human beings.<\/p><p>Deep ecology has challenged how we relate with nature, and has promoted an awareness of all other life forms on the planet. It proposes radical political changes, like giving rights to all living beings, which in practice seem, at least at this stage, quite difficult to implement.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-be4bc5c\" data-id=\"be4bc5c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ed3781\" data-id=\"8ed3781\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9c7f756 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc77465\" data-id=\"cc77465\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ad15958\" data-id=\"6ad15958\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bbf1337 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1bbf1337\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">It took more than 30 hours of research and writing to produce this article, which will always be open and free for everyone to read, without any advertising.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24e2f7d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"24e2f7d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">All our articles are freely accessible because we believe that everyone needs to be able to access to a source of coherent and easy to understand information on the ecological crisis. This challenge that confronts us all will only be properly addressed when we understand what the problems are and where they come from. <br><br>If you've learned something today, please consider donating, to help us produce more great articles and share this knowledge with a wider audience. <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-449590ca elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"449590ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/plurality.raisely.com\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">donate<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-609ad27a\" data-id=\"609ad27a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-50900292\" data-id=\"50900292\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d28e4f7 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d28e4f7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7a76217\" data-id=\"7a76217\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-442cffd\" data-id=\"442cffd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76c636a elementor-widget elementor-widget-tfposts-comment\" data-id=\"76c636a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tfposts-comment.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"tf-post-comment-76c636a\" class=\"tf-post-comment\" data-tabid=\"76c636a\">\r\n\t\t\t\t                \r\n            <\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48bc052\" data-id=\"48bc052\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-39f4591\" data-id=\"39f4591\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1798ad7d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1798ad7d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-14498463\" data-id=\"14498463\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-13b8f007\" data-id=\"13b8f007\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b716e3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2b716e3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Why plurality.eco?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c798196 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c798196\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Our environment is more than a resource to be exploited. Human beings are not the &#8216;masters of nature,&#8217; and cannot think they are managers of everything around them. Plurality is about finding a wealth of ideas to help us cope with the ecological crisis which we have to confront now, and in the coming decades. We all need to understand what is at stake, and create new ways of being in the world, new dreams for ourselves, that recognise this uncertain future.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-36d143ed\" data-id=\"36d143ed\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2209c888 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2209c888\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Our network<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2109e5f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2109e5f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/espieglerie.co\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/plurality.eco\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/LEspie\u0300glerie_LOGO_TAGLINE_300ppiWHITE-q2r3jtn46l7kd016h5cenpk6hojt3a7203tas8311c.png\" title=\"L&#8217;Espie\u0300glerie_LOGO_TAGLINE_300ppiWHITE\" alt=\"Espieglerie logo\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-429a5ce3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"429a5ce3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">On social media<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4543a20a e-grid-align-left elementor-shape-rounded elementor-grid-0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"4543a20a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"social-icons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-instagram elementor-repeater-item-898522c\" href=\"https:\/\/instagram.com\/plurality.eco\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Instagram<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-instagram\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-linkedin elementor-repeater-item-3ca4b32\" 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7b44ed60\" data-id=\"7b44ed60\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25bb1aa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"25bb1aa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">We're part of the .eco network of organisations committed to support positive change for the planet. <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ffa52d0\" data-id=\"1ffa52d0\" 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-14495cf9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"14495cf9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4a752af1\" data-id=\"4a752af1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42c6ad98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42c6ad98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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Deep ecology is one of them, founded by Arne Naess in 1973.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2232,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_canvas","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,7],"tags":[38],"class_list":["post-2229","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ecology","category-politics","tag-favourites"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What is deep ecology? - Plurality<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"There are many ways to approach the ecological crisis. 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